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.برای هر فرد قبل از ورود به بازار سهام این نکته کاملاً مهم است تا انواع مختلف ریسک و مخاطره را شناخته و آنها را اندازه گیری کند.همچنانکه که خواهیم دید برخی از این ریسک و بازده ها دارای تنوع هستند و برخی دیگر به این گونه نیستند.مطمئن شوید که شما آماده پرداخت برای رسیک اضافی هستید.
زمانیکه یک سرمایه گذار یک دارایی را خریداری میکند (سهام ، اوراق قرضه ، یک شرکت ، اثر هنری و غیره ) این داراییها دارای یک بازده مورد انتظار هستند.برخی از سرمایه گذاران این بازده را بر حسب درصد مشخص میکنند در حالیکه دیگران امیدوارند که این بازده به صورت مثبت باشد.بازده مورد انتظار از نظر ریاضی به صورت درآمد +سرمایه پرداخت شده تعریف می شود.سهام خاص که عموماً در بخش تکنولوژی وجود دارند هیچ بازده (سود قابل تقسیم ) ندارند زیرا آنها تمامی سودها را در موسسه سرمایه گذاری می کنند. در مورد رشد این سهام بازده مورد انتظار شما همان سرمایه است. به خاطر داشته باشید که سرمایه گذاری همانند یک خیابان دو طرفه است که بین سرمایه گذار و شرکتی که شما می خواهید در آن سرمایه گذاری کنید قرار گرفته است. اگر شما سهام یک شرکت (یا اوراق قرضه آنها) را خریداری کنید ، آنها به شما بابت این کار یک پاداش مناسب را می دهند که می توانید آن را ردر جای دیگر سرمایه گذاری کنید. بنابراین بازده مورد انتظار بابت سرمایه گذاری یک سرمایه گذار باعث ایجاد یک سطح ریسک برای دارایی می شود.ریسک انواع مختلفی دارند که عبارتند از:



ریسک سیستماتیک:
این ریسکی است که نمی توانید آنرا متنوع کنید.زمانی که شما یک دارایی را خریداری می کنید عوامل متعددی در پی آن قرار می گیرند که می توانند بر بازده سرمایه گذاری (به صورت منفی یا مثبت )اثر بگذارند : نرخ ریسک سرمایه گذاری مجدد ، مخاطره بازار ، نرخ ریسک مبادله ، و ریسک قدرت خرید (تورم ) . هیچ راهی برای اینکه در دوره نوسان بتوانید از یک سهام خاص محافظت بکنید وجود ندارد. لطفاً به این نکته توجه داشته باشید که اگر چه شما نمی توانید در برابر این مخاطرات حفاظتی داشته باشید ولی راههایی وجود دارند که از انها دوری نمایید. یک را می تواند خرید یک بیمه با نرخ شناور است که از سهام هنگام افزایش منفی در نرخ بهره بازار حمایت میکند.
Risk and Return
The art of "investing" is defined by risk and return. An investor is willing to assume a certain amount of risk as a trade-off to getting paid an expected return. It is quite important for any person, prior to jumping into the stock market, to understand the different types of risk and how to measure them. As we will see, some types can be circumvented through diversification, while others cannot. Be sure you are getting paid for the added risk you take!
When an investor buys a security (stock, bond, mutual fund, artwork, etc) they have a certain "expected return." Some investors may quantify this number as a percentage, while others just hope for some sort of positive return. Expected return is mathematically defined as income + capital appreciation. Certain stocks, generally in the technology sector, do not pay any income (dividends) because they reinvest all profits in their business. In the case of these (growth) stocks, your expected return is strictly capital appreciation. Keep in mind that investing is a two-way street between the investor and the company you are investing in. If you buy a stock position in a company (or a bond from them) they have to give you an adequate reward for doing so or you'll invest elsewhere. Thus, the "required return" is what will induce an investor to invest in an asset, given that asset's level of risk. There are a few types of risk:
systematic risk- this is risk which cannot be diversified. When you buy a security it is subject to the following unpredictable factors which may affect (either positively or negatively) your return on investment: interest rate risk, reinvestment rate risk, market risk, exchange rate risk, and purchasing power (inflation) risk. There is nothing you can do to protect an individual stock from an inflationary period. Please note that even though you cannot prevent these risks, there are still ways to hedge them. An example would be buying a floating rate mortgage security to protect a stock which may tend to perform negatively in a rising interest-rate environment.
unsystematic risk- this component of risk can be diversified by having a "portfolio" of securities. Diversifiable risks include business risk, financial risk, and country risk. For example, if you have $10,000 and buy a homebuilding stock with it, you are not diversifying your risks. If the overall stock market goes up, but the housing sector slows down, your stock will underperform the overall market. Many investment professionals believe that owning a basket of roughly 10-15 stocks in different sectors can eliminate most of the unsystematic risk.
The most important measure of a security's risk is its standard deviation. This is a statistical measure of the historical volatility of a portfolio of securities, usually figured with a 5, or 10-year return. In simpler terms, standard deviation is a measure of how much investment returns tend to fluctuate around their average. To compute standard deviation, you need to write down the % return each year for a specific stock or mutual fund. You then add them all up and divide by the number of securities you are using. This will give you the "mean" or average return of the portfolio over a period of time. You subtract the mean from each annual return and then square it. You add up all these squared numbers, divide by the number of years, and take the square root. This will give you the "standard deviation." A portfolio will move within 1 standard deviation (whatever the number is) 68% of the time. It will move within 2 standard deviations 98% of the time. This is an important way to assess potential risk and return from a portfolio of securities. Check out this profile page from yahoo.com which goes into the statistical measure of “risk.”

Risk

Risk means the probability that you will lose money on an investment. A more technical definition of risk is the volatility of return on the investment. An asset with erratic returns is considered riskier than an asset whose value is static or moves slowly.
Few investments are risk-free. Investing in stocks, in particular, means accepting some level of risk. If you want to make a killing in the stock market, you are going to have to take risks. If you keep all your life savings in safe investments such as a savings account, you will face virtually no risk, but your returns will be small, and inflation will eat away at the value of your deposit.
There is a trade-off between risk and return. Less risk means less return, while taking on more risk brings the possibility of a higher return.
Levels of risk are a personal decision. They may be affected by your age, investment goals, time of life and how much you can afford to lose.
Types of risk
There are two types of risks to consider when investing in the stock market - the market risk and unique risks.


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